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浅谈英语(二)语法中应注意的若干问题          【字体:
浅谈英语(二)语法中应注意的若干问题
作者:蔡勇    文章来源:本站原创    点击数:    更新时间:2005-10-29

 

  英语语法是用词造句的规则,掌握了语法才能正确地理解和运用英语,才能形成一定的听、说、读、写、译综合技能。根据公共课《英语(二)自学考试大纲》的要求,通过对教材的全面学习,考生们已基本掌握了英语语法的有关知识,但在实际应用中,仍还有很多的疏忽,为此,本文拟就其中易出差错的若干问题作一概述,旨在帮助大家更好地掌握一些语法现象。

 

  一、主谓一致问题

 

  谓语动词随着主语人称和数的变化而变化,这就是所谓的主谓一致。但在实际应用中,出现错误的句子非常之多,列举如下:

 

  1People likes swimming in summer.

  主语people (人们),形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,故liks应改为like。当people作民族解时,谓语动词用单数。

 

  2What are on the two plates?

  把句中的are改为is。因为问容器内有什么东西,不论是单数名词还是复数名词,疑问代词what作主语,谓语动词均用单数。

 

  3The singer and dancer are going to the party.

  主语意为那个歌唱家兼舞蹈家,指的是一个人,因此are应改为is。如在dancer前加the,意即那个歌唱家和那个舞蹈家,指两人时用are。

 

  4Not only Mary but also her sister enjoy listening to the radio.

  由并列连词not only …but also…,neither…nor…,either…or…等连接两个主语时,谓语动词一般采取与就近的主语相一致的原则,由靠近它的主语作决定。句中的第二个主语her sister是单数,因此谓语动词enjoy应改为enjoys。

 

  5、This kind of apple taste good.

  改动词taste为tastes。因为由a(this)kind of+名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。而(these)kinds of作主语时,谓语动词用复数。

 

  6、Physics were taught by Mr. Wang last term.

  Were应改为was。以s结尾的名词作主语时,一般情况下谓语动词用复数形式。但该句中的主语physics,是表示学科的名词,谓语动词应用单数形式。

 

  7His family is all healthy.

  主语family属于集体名词,在这里作家庭成员解,所以改is为are。若把family作为一个整体来看,谓语用单数。类似用法的名词还有:class, group, public, team, enemy等。

 

  8、Half of the money are yours.

  Half, some, all, most等+of表示部分概念时,谓语动词的单复数形式应该由of后的名词而定。句中的money是不可数名词,故are应改为is。

 

  9Mr.White together with some Japanese friends, have visited our school.

  togefher with 表示与……一起的意思,这里的with是介词,不是并列连词,some Japanese friends也不是并列主语。主语只是Mr.White,所以谓语动词应用has visits。

 

  10、Either of the answers are right.

  正确的谓语动词应是is。当不定动词either作主词时,谓语动词常用单数。其他的不定代词,如:one,the other, each, everyone, nobody, no one,someone, somebody, neither等也属于此种用法。

 

  11The number of the students in our class are over fifty.

  The number of+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数,因此,句中的are改成is才对。但是a number of+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词则用复数。

 

  12、The boys and girls each has their own books.

  这里的each不是主语,而the boys and girls为句子的主语,所以谓语动词随其变化,应改为have。

 

  13There are some fish and chicken on the table.

  主语some fish and chicken,虽然由and连接,但由于都是不可数名词,所以谓语仍用单数,are应改为is。

 

  14This pair of trousers are too short for me.

  句中主语是pair,而不是trousers,根据主谓一致的原则,须改are为is。

 

  15Between the two buildings stand a hospital.

  这是一个倒装句。between the two buildings是介词短语,作地点状语,而主语是句末的hospital,因此,stand应改为stands。

 

  16Two weeks are quite short time for us finish the work.

  Two weeks 是由数词组成的名词词组,它表示的是一种单一概念,在形式上是复数,便作主语时却可以用单数谓语动词。因此,句中are应改为is,在quite和short之间加上a。此外,表示重量、长度、价值等的名词,如:ten pounds,five miles等,如果作整体待,动词也可用单数形式。

 

  二、终止性动词问题

 

  英语的动词有延续性和终止性之分。有一些动词表示的动作可以延续而有些动词表示的动作则是短暂的。这类动词被称为非延续性动词或终止性动词(如:close,open,arrive,become,begin,break,come,catch,die,leave,buy,jojn,finish,go,see,stop,hear等)。当这类动词用于现在完成时态时,怎样使用才是正确的呢?试比较:

 

  误:She has caught a bad cold for a week.

  正:She has had a bad cold for a week.

 

  这里catch是终止性动词,have是持续性动词。终止性动词在现在完成时的肯定句里,不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰它们,也就是说不能用for短语(表示时间长度),或since短语词(或从句),也不能用在how long引起的疑问句中。

 

  若需要表示持续一段时间时,可以用下列两种形式:1用It is(或has been)since句型;2用副词ago把句子改为一般过去时。如:

 

  误:The American musician has arrived here for about a month.

  正:It is(或has been)about a month since the American musician arrived here.

  正The American musician arrived here about month ago.

 

  除了改变句型结构外,还可对动词作相应变化。其中多数终止性动词可用be来表示延续,有些可用相应的延续性动词来代替。如:

 

  误:My sister had joined the Party for over six years.

  正:My sister has been a Party member for over six years.

  误:How long have you borrowed the book?

  正:How long have you kept the book?

 

  常用的替换词有:come be here,leave be away,die dead,begin be on,open be open,become be,buy have,borrow keep,eat have,join be in,(或be a member of),get up be up,get rdady be ready,get to know know,make friends be friends,go to bed sleep,catch a cold have a cold等。

 

  需要注意的是:

  1、在否定句中,终止性动词可以转化为延续性的否定状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如

  I havent heard from my brother for many years.

  The rain hasnt stopped since three minutes ago.

 

  2、终止性动词可以用于表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果这种概念的现在完成时中,说明某个动作的结果还存在,不跟表示一段时间的状语连用,但可用already,yet,before,just,ever,now,today等时间状语。如

  I have already posted the photos.

  Have you seen the film before?

 

  三、反意疑问句问题

 

  反意疑问句由两部分构成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是简短的问句。在运用反意疑问句时,往往在简短问句这部分容易出错,下面作一归纳。

 

  1、陈述句部分的主语是名词时,简短问句的主语用人称代词来代替。如

  The teacher had a long talk with you,didt he?

 

  2、主语若是指示代词this或that时,简单问句的主语用it,指示代词若是these或those时,简单问句的主语用they。如:

  This is a useful book,isnt it?

  Those arent desks, are they?

 

  3、陈述句部分主谓是I am…时,简单问句用arent I。如:

  I am older than you, arent I?

 

  4、第一部分陈述句是there be句型时,提问部分须保留there。如:

  There are some apples in the basket, ardnt there?

 

  5、陈述句部分含有no、never、nothing、little、few、hardly、seldom等表示否定意义的词时,简单问句部分用肯定形式。如

  Theres nothing wrong with it,is there?

  Few people went to the exhibition,did the?

  He can hardly answer this question,can he?

 

  6、陈述句中若有通过加前缀或后缀构成否定意义的词,仍作肯定句处理,因此简短问句一般仍用否定形式。如

  The cloth is useless,isnt it?

  Kate dislikes the book,doesnt she?

 

  7、陈述句部分的主语是everyone、everyboby、someone、somebody、anyone、anybody、no one、nobody及none等,简短问句部分的主语一般用they。如

  Nobody can work it out,can they?

  None of the students went there,did they?

 

  但是,必须指出,在反意疑问句中,无论在陈述句部分,还是在简短问句中,everything、nothing、something、anything等总是用单数动词。如

  Everything has gone wrong today,hasnt it?

  Nothing was right,was it?

 

  8、当陈述句中有had better时,简短问句一般用shouldnt或hadnt.如:

  Youd better do it by yourself,shouldt you?/hadnt you?

 

  9、若第一部分是祈使句,在它后面的疑问尾句一般为will you或wont you的婉转表示请求、恳求之意,并没有反问之意。Will you多表示请求,wont you多表示提醒对方注意。但是,祈使句的否定结构后面,只能用will you。如

  Look at the picture,will you?(wont you)?

  Dont be late,will you?

 

  10、以Lets(包括说话人和说话对象)开始的祈使句中,反意疑问句部分用shall we 或shant we,但是Let us (me,him)等不包括说话对象,而是向说话对象提出要求或建议的祈使句,问句则用will you或wont you。如

  Lets go for a walk,shall we?(shant we?)

  Let us go to the park,will you?(wont you?)

 

  11、若陈述句是主从复合句,反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应跟主句中的主语和动词保持一致。如

  They never said Tom would come,did they?

  When the teacher speaks,we have to keep quiet,dont we?

  Its the first time that he has been to Beijing,isnt it?

 

  12、陈述句若是I think(believe,suppose,expect 等)+宾语从句,反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致(特殊情况例外),并要注意否定转移。如

  I believe theyve finished their work,havent they?

  I dont think he is right,is he?

  You thought he was an honest man,ddnt you?

 

  13、陈述句若是并列句,简短问句的主语一般与最接近的分句主语保持一致。如

  We must study English hard,or we arent good at English,are we?

  He was lazy,and he didnt pass the exam,did he?

 

  14、简短问句在感叹句后,动词用否定式,人称与前面的名词一致。如

  What delucious food,isnt ?

 

  15、陈述句动词是wish和hope,简短问句要用may,代词与wish、hope的主语相一致。如

  I wish to see a filn now,may I?

  I hope to visit Nanjing soon,may I?

 

  四、宾语从句问题

 

  宾语从句是英语学习中的主要语法之一,是综合练习中出现较多的语法现象,自然也是最容易出错的内容。所以在自学中,要特别注意这样一些方面。

 

  1、与主句的时态呼应

  1当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,宾语从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词时态不一致,就是说可根据实际需要用不同的时态。如

  I hear hell be back in a week.

  I hear Mr. Evans lives in Boston.

  I hear she has gone to Shanghai.

  I hear he came back yesterday.

 

  2当主句中的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词要用和过去相关的时态,可以是一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时等。如:

  She said she hoped to be back soon.

  She said they were having a meeting.

  She said she would visit her uncle next Saturday.

  She said she had seen the film the day before.

 

  3在Could you tell us…请告诉我们……好吗?这种表示请求的疑问句中,用could比用can 较为委婉客气一些,但could不表示过去时,所以宾语从句中的谓语动词时态可根据实际需要用不同的时态。如

  Could you tell us if(whether)Kates father works in that hospital?

  Could you tell us if(whether)Alice worked out the problem herself?

  4如果宾语从句所叙述的是反映客观真理的事情,其谓语动词则用一般现在时。如

  The teacher told us the sun is much bigger than the earth.

 

  2、从句部分的语序

  宾语从句的语序和一般陈述句相同,即主谓次序不颠倒。因此,由连接代词(who、whose、what和which等)、连接副词(where、when、why和how)或连词if(或whether)引导的疑问句,改成宾语从句时,语序需要改变。如

  Do you know where Mary lives?

  Nobody knows what they fought about.

  He asked whose dictionary this was.

  He asked me if(whether)I could help him.

  但是,当连接代词在宾语从句中作主语时,从句的语序与以疑问代词作主语的特殊疑问句的语序相同。如

  He asked which picture was Johns.

 

  3、否定转移

  如果主句中的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,imagine等,后面的宾语从句中的否定必须转移到主句中去。如

  We believe that he can finish it in time.We dont believe that he can finish it in time.

  请注意:当主句中的谓语动词为hope时,则不用否定转移。只说:

  I hope he wont be ill.(我希望他不要生病。)

 

  4、带宾语从句的复合句改成简单句

  宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语,它的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同,所以,在实际运用中,可以用不定式、名词或复合宾语等代替宾语从句,构成简单句。如

  1He hopes he will be able to see her again.

  He hopes to see her again.

  2I dont know when well start.

  I dont know when to start.

  3The man didnt understand what he said.

  The man didnt catch his words.

  4I hdard she was singing in the next room.

  I heard him singing in the next room.

  5I found it was interesting to skate on real ice.

   I found it interesting to skate on real ice.

 

文章录入:王春宏    责任编辑:王春宏 
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